Collective Law In Any Two Countries - Free Essay Example

Collective Law In Any Two Countries Every European country controls a distinct system of judicial enforcement and labour legislation. This is most often closely related to the process of collective bargaining and arrangements of social partner consultation. Traditionally, collective labour law adopts the body of rules which govern the relationships between the collectivity of the employees and the employer of a group of employers. One may think of following laws, in this context: The right to trade freedom of union The right to workers participation within the company in decisions affecting their interests The right of employees and employers to establish an organization at their own choosing from the perspective of promotion of their professional concerns The right to autonomous collective bargaining The right to conclude collective agreements. Furthermore, the rules relevant to economic welfare, including strikes and lockouts as well as several measures that aim at preventing the settlement of collective labour conflicts, come under the collective labour law. It can be clearly stated that these issues have stayed within the national jurisdiction. And the collective measures that are proposed for the United States and Canada are mostly so contradictory and controversial that the consensus among the Member Stated and among both sides of industry seems to be almost impossible. The purpose of this research paper is to show the management a brief comparison of Canadian and US labour law, because people would assume that the labour laws in the US are similar to those in Canada. When it comes to depicting Canadian law firms, terms like small, medium and big do not make much sense today. The fact being complex and rapidly evolving landscape, with firms structured around changing client demands. That means a few intern ational outposts or a lot of lawyers having parallel training in applied sciences or business. Whatever be the size of the law firms, legal specialization still remains the common dominator all over these firms thereby permitting practitioners to nurture their selected crafts to an art form. By recognizing the rapidly growing size and sophistication of several of the countrys top-level boutiques, mainly in areas that need multiple areas of expertise like technology law and intellectual property, Canadian Lawyer magazine has extended its definition of the size constituting a boutique. Furthermore, 52 law boutiques have been identified across nine practice areas widely seen as the go-to experts by their colleagues. Of course, litigation boutiques are a class of their own. Admiralty and transportation law has been a specialized niche in Canada, unlike the USA, that belongs to the boutique model. An area covering marine insurance law, shipping law, and related litigation, togethe r with the marine component of Canadian offshore for oil and gas activities, this practice is rapidly expanding along with Atlantic Canadas booming offshore oil industry. Most of these firms work as Canadian legal counsel for various international protection and indemnity clubs, cargo, hull and machinery. This also includes general insurers across the world. Canadas bankruptcy and insolvency bar is minor, where same players turn up frequently in most of the significant cases. Moreover, several boutique founders have said that their business fills a niche produced by the need of servicing clients of larger firms during conflict cases, which is considered as a significant source of work referrals. Several firms that were set up as business law boutiques initially specializing in securities law have morphed into full-service firms by creating newer practice areas as they grow. Of course, nowadays, the boundaries for any business law practice has grown hazy, with clients demandi ng the skill of a deal maker, consummate negotiator, litigator, contacts expert, competition law expert, etc. together with the well-established cross-border affiliations with law firms located within the United States and overseas. Canadian employment and labour law poses several potential conflicts for full-service law firms with most firms being reluctant to risk sacrificing a future corporate authorization for a one-off employment file. Furthermore, many of Canadas most remarkable labour and employment boutiques are sub-sets of bigger firms. As far as the United States is concerned, it is equipped with the Employee Free Choice Act which is undoubtedly among the most significant and controversial bills confronting the new Congress. Opponents of EFCA have tried to portray the bill as an undemocratic, radical and dangerous piece of legislation that may deprive the voting rights of millions of American workers, thereby destroy an already fragile economy. Indeed, one of the countrys biggest management law firms has stated that it requires revolutionary changes to labour law, unlike the one in Canada, while other opponent has attempted to harm its radical approach towards first contract bargaining. However, in reality, it has by far been the modest piece of legislation that establishes rights for recognition and bargaining for US workers, weaker than those enjoyed by the Canadian workers. Recent developments in some emerging economies describe how far US lags other democracies with respect to the protection of bargaining and recognition rights. Among developed economies, USA is the only nation that possesses a sophisticated industry worth thousands of millions of dollars annually dedicated entirely to assisting management resist collective bargaining. Nonetheless, many US union avoidance firms have sought international markets for their expertise. One such large firm operating in Canada, proving to clients that it enjoys an international reputa tion to eliminate union incursions, has carried out many high profile union avoidance campaigns with considerable effect. On the other end of the scale, the Canadian system based on industrial relations is widely similar to that of the US. Moreover, the labour laws in many Canadian provinces have had similar kind of provinces as those of the EFCA. But the Canadian labour law is different than its US counterpart in two essential aspects: Firstly, it id decentralized having only about 10 % of employees that is covered by federal labour law; most of the remaining 90% belong to 0 different provincial laws. By contrast, US law is highly centralized, with a rigid and broad federal pre-emption doctrine that restricts all but the most marginal policy experiment at the local and state levels throughout the past decades. Secondly, the Canadian labour law is much more responsive to political alignments in comparison to its US counterpart. That is, whenever there is modification in provincial government, a significant reform is often seen in the provinces labour law. This does not hold true in the United States, wherein the need to obtain a super majority of about 60 votes in the Senate in order to overcome a filibuster presented a formidable hurdle in the path of reform proposals for labour law in recent decades. Furthermore, Canadian labour law also offers an interesting comparison with the US since the policy debate is very different, even though the labour policy issues are very similar to the ones on the United States. labour law reform in Canada, for the most part, is not accompanied by litigious considerations regarding the need to secure the sanctity of the secret ballot, but only a recognition that, even with Canada with its rapid elections and strict adherence to deadlines, limitations on employer electioneering, and tougher punishments for unfair management practices, majority signing up makes organizing easier for workers, whereas contested representation elections make organizing much more difficult. Therefore, by employing the central government practice, the adoption majority sign up and several other reforms come at the forefront, but when the political arrow points towards the opposite direction, contested elections are reintroduced. Presently, five Canadian jurisdicti ons employ laws that have majority sign up processes. These jurisdictions are the federal jurisdiction, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, and New Brunswick. Opponents of the EFCA within the United States have been repeatedly pointing towards Canada as a country wherein, as direct outcome of their experience with majority sign-up, policy makers and law makers identify the supremacy of mandatory elections. Nine in ten Canadian provinces have used majority signup in the 1980s, while only four in ten use it nowadays. Moreover, about two decades ago, majority sign up was employed by 90% of Canadian employees; today, however, these same provisions cover approximately 40% of Canadian employees. However, claims regarding majority sign being discredited in Canada and replaced by United States-style elections are totally misleading. Firstly, as aforementioned, union elections in Canada are totally different from management-dominated NLRB elections. Secondly, five Canadian juris dictions having large and influential ones like Quebec and the federal jurisdictions, still use majority sign up. Lastly, the policy position is way beyond static and Canadian laws that are more malleable that their US counterparts. For instance, in May 2008, the Ontario Legislature took introduced a bill in order to reintroduce majority sign up. Hence, majority sign up may once again become a standard in Canada. Toward that end, Canadas experience with majority sign up is intimately related to the current US debate in a rather more direct way. Furthermore, the primary refrain of employer groups who opposed to majority sign up is that it would expose employees to intimidation and coercion by unprincipled union organizers. So what does the Canadian experience suggest? Till the time the Conservative Harris government had ceased using majority sign up in 1995, this system of union recognition had functioned in Ontario for almost half a century. Yet the leading scholar for the Canadian labour law, Professor Harry Arthurs, lately said that he was unknown of a single case in which the employer complained that union illegally coerced workers into forming a union. As a result of its protection for bargaining and recognition rights, bargaining coverage in Canada is more than double of the US level; nearly 31.5% overall, from over 39% in Quebec to below 25% in Alberta. The passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has made it very common for US businesses to expand into Canada, either by entering into contractual collabouration with firms already settled in Canada or by establishing international subsidiaries. Some managers assume that NAFTA entails that common employment and labour laws apply in all two countries; however, that is not the case. Though NAFTA comprises of a side agreement known as the North American Agreement on labour Cooperation, NAALC that needs all two countries to promote the same eleven basic rules, any business r unning internationally must still abide by the labour laws in effect in the country of operation. Therefore, as US firms grow, it becomes essential for them to the aware of the Canadian law, particularly the laws governing employment and labour. Specifically, the focus is given on the most significant differences between the labour laws in those two countries in seven areas, namely: Union security. Certification processes First contract arbitration Latest technologies Successorship Strike replacements, and Employee participation programs These seven areas are essential because with every area, there is empirical work that addresses the issue and their effects. Therefore, management must be aware of how the laws involved these areas can have an impact in their businesses. These seven topics are discussed in the order in which they might take place within a business, that is, a union must be certified before the management can bargain. The Canadian experience is typically instructive. Canada has more or less the same type of economy, similar employers and has undergone the similar changes that have been previously described with respect to the United States. In fact, there are major differences between the National labour Relations Act and the labour laws in Canada. There is a procedural dissimilarity between the labour laws of Canada and the US which should be mentioned concerning the jurisdiction of the federal labour statutes in the two countries. In the US, the NLRA includes the wide majority of the nations private sector employees. However, in Canada, the Canada labour Code covers below 10 % of the nations employees. Next, in Canada, labour legislation is mainly a provincial matter and the discussion concerning the Canadian labour law will actually be about the provincial laws across Canada. Certification procedures It is common knowledge that the private sector unionization rate within the USA is gradually degrading since a number of decades. According to the latest figures available, nearly 10.4 per cent of the US labour force or 9.5 million private sector workers in the US belonged to unions in 1994. Comparatively, the unionization rate in Canada has been constant at 33 % or greater since 1976. Furthermore, the membership trends within the two countries, comparing the decrease in the percent managed in the US with the increase in Canada during the past 20 years. Most of the decline in the percent managed by the US is assigned to the incapability of unions to win the right to indicate newer units of employees during representation elections. Additionally, many researchers blamed the dismal union success rate during representation elections on the NLRA and reported that Canadian labour law is more favourable for unions that attempt to organize new units of employees. Indeed, the traditional organizing campaign throughout the US is renowned: The union tries to get signatures on authorization cards from the employees within a bargaining unit; Once the signatures are received from at least 30 % of the eligible employees, a petition if filed for election with the National labour Relations Board (NLRB). Then, the board conducts a hearing in order to resolve procedural questions with respect to the election Then, a long and contentious pre-election campaign is organized Finally, the election is held. Each of these steps occurs in that order in almost every union organizing campaign in the US. Furthermore, there are chances for employers to make it even more difficult for unions to persist in representation elections at every one of these steps. The certification/ organizing process is very different across Canada. Even though the particular certification procedures vary from one province to another, the laws governing union certification in Canada usually make it easier for unions to be selected for representing a unit of employees in ways more than one. Bibliography Abraham, S 1997, Relevance of Canadian labour law to US firms operating in Canada, International Journal of Manpower, Available at https://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-20312673/relevance-canadian-labour-law.html. Aaron, B 1993, International Labour Law Reports, Kluwer Academic Publishers, USA. Canadian Lawyer Magazine 2010, Survey: Canadas leading law firm boutiques, viewed 12 May, 2010, https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/Survey-Canadas-leading-law-firm-boutiques.html. Hore, E 2000, A Comparison of United States and Canadian Laws as they Affect Generic Pharmaceutical Market Entry, Food and Drug Law Journal, vol. 55, pp. 373-380. Logan, J 2009, Union Recognition and Collective Bargaining: How Does the United States Compare With Other Democracies?, LERA, viewed 12 May, 2010, https://labourcenter.berkeley.edu/labourlaw/union_recognition09.pdf. Harris, L 2001, An Excerpt from Canadian Copyright Law, third edition comparison of Canadian and American copyright l aw, Information Outlook, viewed 11 May, 2010, https://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FWE/is_2_5/ai_71359429/. Canadian Lawyer Magazine 2010, Survey: Canadas leading law firm boutiques, viewed 12 May, 2010, https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/Survey-Canadas-leading-law-firm-boutiques.html. Ibid. Aaron, B 1993, International Labour Law Reports, Kluwer Academic Publishers, USA. Ibid. Logan, J 2009, Union Recognition and Collective Bargaining: How Does the United States Compare With Other Democracies?, LERA, https://labourcenter.berkeley.edu/labourlaw/union_recognition09.pdf. Harris, L 2001, An Excerpt from Canadian Copyright Law, third edition comparison of Canadian and American copyright law, Information Outlook, https://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FWE/is_2_5/ai_71359429/. Ibid. Hore, E 2000, A Comparison of United States and Canadian Laws as they Affect Generic Pharmaceutical Market Entry, Food and Drug Law Journal, vol. 55, pp. 373-380. Abraham, S 1997, Relevance of Canadian labour law to US firms operating in Canada, International Journal of Manpower, Available at https://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-20312673/relevance-canadian-labour-law.html. Ibid. Hore, E 2000, op.cit Canadian Lawyer Magazine 2010, Survey: Canadas leading law firm boutiques, https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/Survey-Canadas-leading-law-firm-boutiques.html. Ibid. Logan, J 2009, Union Recognition and Collective Bargaining: How Does the United States Compare With Other Democracies?, LERA, https://labourcenter.berkeley.edu/labourlaw/union_recognition09.pdf. Ibid. Abraham, S 1997, op.cit. Abraham, S 1997 op.cit.. Harris, L 2001, An Excerpt from Canadian Copyright Law, third edition comparison of Canadian and American copyright law, Information Outlook, https://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FWE/is_2_5/ai_71359429/ Ibid. Logan, J 2009, Union Recognition and Collective Bargaining: How Does the United States Compar e With Other Democracies?, LERA, https://labourcenter.berkeley.edu/labourlaw/union_recognition09.pdf. Logan, J 2009, op.cit.

Using the French Future Tense

When youre starting to learn any language, you need to know how to use the future tense. Although it functions similarly in French as in English, some differences are worth considering.   Basic Future Tense in French The French future tense talks about upcoming events. While the French future tense has a full set of conjugations, the English equivalent is just the modal verb will  plus the main verb. For example: Jirai au magasin demain. / I will go to the store tomorrow.Ils mangeront dans lavion. / They will eat on the plane. Conditional Use The French future tense can also be used in si clauses, to express what will happen if a condition is met: Si jai le temps, je le ferai. / If I have time, I will do it.Je le ferai si jai le temps. / I will do it if I have time. French Vs. English There are some differences between the French and English future tenses. When the action of the verb after certain constructions will take place in the future, the future tense is used in French, whereas in English the present tense is used: Quand il arrivera, nous mangerons. / When he arrives, we will eat.Je vous tà ©là ©phonerai dà ¨s que je pourrai. / Ill call you as soon as I can. In journalism and other factual narration, the future is often used in French even though the events are in the past: Nà © en Martinique, Aimà © Cà ©saire à ©tudiera à   Paris et redà ©couvrira lAfrique. / Born in Martinique, Aimà © Cà ©saire studied in Paris and rediscovered Africa. In French, the future can also be used for polite orders and requests, in place of the vous form of the imperative: Vous fermerez la porte, sil vous plaà ®t. / Close the door, please. To express something that is going to occur very soon, you also can use the futur  proche  (near future tense). Irregular Verbs The future is  one of the simplest French tenses. There is only one set of endings for all verbs, and most of them—even many that are irregular in the present tense—use their infinitive as the root. French has only about two dozen  stem-changing  or irregular verbs that have irregular future stems but take the same endings. The exact same verbs are irregular in the  conditional  and use the same  stems. acheter  Ã‚  achà ¨ter-  Ã‚  Ã‚  similar verbs:  achever,  amener,  emmener, lever,  promeneracquà ©rir  Ã‚  acquerr-  Ã‚  Ã‚  similar verbs:  conquà ©rir, senquà ©rirappeler  Ã‚  appeller-  Ã‚  Ã‚  similar verbs:  Ãƒ ©peler, rappeler,  renouveleraller  Ã‚  ir-avoir  Ã‚  aur-courir  Ã‚  courr-  Ã‚  Ã‚  similar verbs:  concourir, discourir, parcourirdevoir  Ã‚  devr-envoyer  Ã‚  enverr-essayer  Ã‚  essaier-  Ã‚  Ã‚  similar verbs:  balayer,  effrayer, payeressuyer  Ã‚  essuier-  Ã‚  Ã‚  similar verbs:  appuyer, ennuyerà ªtre  Ã‚  ser-faire  Ã‚  fer-falloir  Ã‚  faudr-jeter  Ã‚  jetter-  Ã‚  Ã‚  similar verbs:  feuilleter,  hoqueter,  projeter,  rejeternettoyer  Ã‚  nettoier-  Ã‚  Ã‚  similar verbs:  employer,  noyer,  tutoyerpleuvoir  Ã‚  pleuvr-pouvoir  Ã‚  pourr-savoir  Ã‚  saur-tenir  Ã‚  tiendr-  Ã‚  Ã‚  similar verbs:  maintenir, obtenir, soutenirvaloir  Ã‚  vaudr-venir  Ã‚  vie ndr-  Ã‚  Ã‚  similar verbs:  devenir, parvenir, revenirvoir  Ã‚  verr-  Ã‚  Ã‚  similar verb:  revoirvouloir  Ã‚  voudr- French Future Conjugations To conjugate a verb ending in -er or -ir in the future tense, add the appropriate endings to the infinitive. For verbs ending in -re, remove the final -e and then add the future endings. For irregular verbs, add the endings to the irregular future stem. Here are the future conjugations for the regular verbs  parler  (to speak),  finir  (to finish), and  vendre  (to sell), and the irregular verb  aller  (to go):    Pronoun Future ending parler parler- finir finir- vendre vendr- aller ir- je -ai parlerai finirai vendrai irai tu -as parleras finiras vendras iras il -a parlera finira vendra ira nous -ons parlerons finirons vendrons irons vous -ez parlerez finirez vendrez irez ils -ont parleront finiront vendront iront

The Feminism of Bewitched - The Escapist 1960s Sitcom

Sitcom Title: BewitchedYears Aired: 1964–1972Stars: Elizabeth Montgomery, Agnes Moorehead, Dick York, Dick Sargent, David WhiteFeminist Focus? In this household, the woman has power – magical powers. The fanciful 1960s sitcom Bewitched starred Elizabeth Montgomery as Samantha Stephens, a witch married to a mortal husband. The underlying feminism of Bewitched revealed a â€Å"typical housewife† who is actually more powerful than her husband. Samantha used her witchcraft powers to solve all sorts of problems, despite having promised her husband, Darrin, that she would no longer practice magic. The Perfect Housewife? When Bewitched began airing in 1964, The Feminine Mystique was still a new book. The woman-as-happy-suburban-homemaker was an idea featured prominently on television, despite the dissatisfaction real women felt in that role. The feminism of Bewitched made Samantha the clever, interesting one. The wacky situations were played for laughs, but she repeatedly rescued Darrin or other characters - including herself. At Home, At Work, At Play Dutiful Darrin kissed supportive Samantha goodbye and trotted off to his respected advertising agency job, leaving her in their lovely middle-class home. He was never gone long before some chain of events was set in motion that ended up with Samantha needing to use her powers to end the predicament.   Often the instigator was Samantha’s mother Endora, played by Agnes Moorehead, who famously called Darrin â€Å"Derwood† and never understood what Samantha saw either in him or in normal mortal life. Why, Endora asked, would Samantha suppress her witchcraft when she could enjoy being supernatural, powerful and immortal? Other times, the plot revolved around Darrins work, and Samantha worked her magic to save the day and prevent the latest client from finding out that she was a witch. Neighbors, co-workers and other mortals repeatedly noticed something suspicious resulting from witchcraft, but either Samantha, Endora, or another witch would use magic to remedy the situation. Samantha and Darrin had a young daughter, Tabitha, who was also capable of witchcraft. Power Dynamics and Feminist Sleight of Hand? Bewitched was a simple escapist sitcom, but the idea of glorifying a husband’s efforts to control his beautiful, perky housewife rightfully strikes feminist viewers as offensive and outdated. It is true that Bewitched featured Samantha â€Å"choosing† to be a housewife and do things the â€Å"normal† way, despite the persistent argument from Endora that Samantha deserved better.    However, Bewitched was also clever. Apart from the visual gags when people or objects appeared and disappeared at the twitch of Samantha’s nose, much of the show’s comedy came from its suggestiveness and subtext. The feminism of Bewitched was a fantasy, but also a logical if extreme take on the idea of a husband and wife coming together from different worlds to have a relationship and family. Feminist Behind the Scenes Elizabeth Montgomery was a lifelong supporter of women’s rights in real life. Although viewers may wish that Samantha stood up to Darrin more forcefully and more often, they also know that Samantha was the hero and was basically always right. Bewitched revealed a hint of feminism in 1960s sitcoms; meanwhile, the women’s liberation movement developed in the U.S. throughout the years the show was on the air. Other Portrayals Bewitched is sometimes compared to I Dream of Jeannie, another supernatural sitcom that featured a young, pretty, blonde woman with magic powers. It began in 1965 but never had as much ratings success as Bewitched. Jeannie was more of a male fantasy: Barbara Eden played a genie released from a bottle who obligingly, if humorously, served her master (Larry Hagman). Jeannie’s long-remembered pink and red costume showed her midriff, but TV executives did not approve of showing her navel. Elizabeth Montgomerys conservative-yet-fashionable Samantha arguably offered more personality, wit and charm as Samantha Stephens. Bewitched was turned into a feature film starring Nicole Kidman in 2005. Betty Friedan In 1964, Betty Friedan wrote Television and the Feminine Mystique, about how women were portrayed on television: either as hoping for love or envisioning revenge on their husbands.  Bewitched  countered this stereotype by doing neither. Her mother Endoras criticisms of household work echoed Friedans criticism of the stay-at-home wife.

Erikson and Goffman on American Identity Essay - 1241 Words

When foreigners think of America, they think of McDonald’s, the Statue of Liberty, Hollywood film stars, and the list goes on. In terms of Americans, people associate Texans with cowboy boats, Californians with surfboards, and New Yorkers with a snobbish grin on their face. It is true that all these things represent America in one way or another, but what exactly is American identity? Erikson’s analysis on American identity has drawn attention to four topics: Mom, adolescent, boss, and machine. He links all four topics together by using the myth of John Henry Hero. Goffman, on the other hand, develops dramaturgical analysis to understand human behaviors. He sees men as actors with different roles and these actors have to perform to†¦show more content†¦Second, parents do not satisfy everything the child demands, and the child feels neglected and grows distant from his parents. John Henry left his parents because his parents fed the dogs before they fed him. Thi rd, he left because he was sure that he could take care of himself. John Henry took into his grave believing that â€Å"a man counts only as a man† (Erikson, P. 299). Hence, in another point of view, he abandoned his parents just as Erikson says, â€Å"it was the child who abandoned the mother, because he had been in such a hurry to become independent† (Erikson, P.296). This abandonment also lead to another factor – rejections to intimate feelings. Erikson finds â€Å"not only the sorrow of having been abandoned but also the fear of committing to deep emotions† (Erikson, P.301) in cowboys because there is a mental barrier in knowing that they have abandoned their mothers and have been abandoned by her. Cowboys, thus, are usually rather lonely people. Their job will not let them see their family nor their friends very often. They are the â€Å"man without roots, the motherless man, the womenless man† (Erikson, P.299). The nonsense folk songs offer a funny yet sarcastic view of cowboys’ life – they are not bounded by relationships because they are not allowed to do so. This lifestyle,Show MoreRelatedSocialization And Its Effects On Our Lives1752 Words   |  8 PagesSocialization is â€Å"the process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior and social skills that are essential appropriate to his or her social environment.† Socialization applies to our daily life and it’s the most important process of human society. Without socialization the human would not be able to take part in group life and develop human characteristics. The world wouldn’t never be organized and everyone would have their own ways of doing thingRead MoreSocial Theories and Prostitution2468 Words   |  10 PagesSecondary deviance happens when the person accepts their deviant label. He or she then thinks of themselves as a deviant. Approximately, ten years later; in the 19 60’s the concept was expanded upon yet again by Howard Becker, John Kituse, Erving Goffman, and Kai Erikson. Howard Becker the author of the 1963 book Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance wrote â€Å"deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to anRead MoreSociological View on Deviance and Drug Use Essay8777 Words   |  36 Pagesexperience as somewhat unpleasant, but as the user imitates peers he/she learns to perceive the effects of marijuana as enjoyable (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) begins his study of marijuana through analysis of the historical context by which American rule creators labeled marijuana use as deviant in the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. The moral entrepreneur in this case is the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, formed as a part of the Treasury Department in 1930 (Becker 1963). The Federal Bureau of Narcotics

Myths And Myths Of The Greek World - 973 Words

A myth is a traditional story, concerning the early history of people or explaining a natural or social phenomenon; they typically involve supernatural being or events (Dictionary.com, 2016). Myths certainly had a simple aesthetic function of entertainment; they were presented through the means of visual and theatrical art (Cartwright. M, 2012). Myths provided advice on how to lead a good life. Some myths were purposely composed to be outrageous and wrong because it taught the people what not to do. Myths, however, were also thought to be a reflection of the Greek’s way of thinking; this was depicted through them portraying their deities as humans, giving them human traits (Vandiver. E, 2000). Myths explained the environment in which humankind lived in and the natural phenomena they witnessed (Vandiver. E, 2000). They were also intricately connected to religion in the Greek world and explained the origin of Gods and where humanity had come from and where humans would go after death (Mark. J, 2012). Myths provided entertainment and also shocked people into behaving. Myths were represented in visual art on sculptures, pottery, and even public buildings and were also prominent in within theatres in plays written by famous playwrights like Sophocles, Euripides and Aeschylus (Cartwright. M, 2000). Some myths deliberately contained characters or Gods with undesirable traits. These myths all contained morals that shocked the Greeks and taught them how to live a good life and whatShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Greek Mythology1650 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of Greek mythology Today, the ancient Greek myths still fascinate readers throughout the world. There are thousands of books written about the importance of Greek mythology in the formation of modern-time societies. 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Today modern scholars study these myths in an attempt to better understand the religious and political practices of Ancient Greece and its civilization of way back whenRead More Classical Mythology Essay572 Words   |  3 Pages Classical Mythology What would one think if he goes back in time to a period where myths were common? Would one believe it to be true or hold his own opinion? I would say it depends on the situation and on what type of myth it is. Classical period was full of myths. There were many aspects to mythology that were held important in the classical era. One of the most significant aspects of the Greek mythology was that it was the primary concept to put humans at the midpoint of the universe. Not likeRead MoreComparing The Greek, Chinese, And The Christian Stories1738 Words   |  7 Pagesgrew up listening to them and watching TV dramas playing the stories out too. So I have a connection with the various stories and I want to explore them more in depth. I have chosen three creation stories to compare and contrast on. They are the Greek, Chinese, and the Christian stories. Personally, I have been taught both the Chinese and Christian creation stories. My parents grew up with different backgrounds, for my father his family came from a Taoist background, so the Chinese creation storyRead More Definition Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesDefinition Essay The origin of the word myth seems to be a myth in itself. Myths have generally originated from a Greek history that used an oral tradition to explain events that occurred before the written word. Often supernatural beings or fictitious characters were used to explain popular ideas concerning phenomenas of nature or the history of people. The myths that were carried on from generation to generation were often very imaginative in an attempt to spark the interest of youngRead MoreMythological Explanations Of The Natural World1449 Words   |  6 PagesMythological explanations of the natural world began when man started to question how the extraordinary phenomena of earth and everything around it occurred. Of course, at that time, science was not a possible option, hence people all over the globe came up with their own stories and ideas of how mother nature does it’s breathtaking magic tricks. Theses stories began to be passed on from one generation to the next, mostly orall y spoken, and all having their own conclusions and opinions of how nature

Compare the opening of the novel ‘Jaws’ with the opening of the film Free Essays

The opening of the novel is at the beginning very quiet and kind of strange, it describes the shark ‘Jaws’ as the great fish and it describes how it moves ‘propelled by short sweeps of it’s crescent tail. It raises a kind of tension already because you don’t yet know what is going to happen and that is quiet scary in itself. It makes out that it is a very dark environment and that makes it more scary as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare the opening of the novel ‘Jaws’ with the opening of the film or any similar topic only for you Order Now It said that the fish survived only by moving and it was bearing water through it’s gills, the graphic of what the shark is doing and how it is moving is very detailed. We do not know where it is yet but we can guess because it is a fish so it must be in the sea, the sea is described as the night water so that emphasises the darkness of the sea which creates more tension. When the woman says she is going for a swim the audience doesn’t want her to because they know something is going to happen to her because of the opening scene of the shark underwater. When she does go in and keeps going deeper, you know that something bad is going to happen to her. Even if she doesn’t know that, and because the novel says that she can’t swim very well, you get worried that she won’t be able to get away from danger. The tension rises when danger gets closer and when it hits the graphic of the situation is very, very detailed. ‘Her groping fingers had found a nub of bone and tattered flesh’ it says, after that the lady dies and the man is asleep, being very vulnerable. Give a detailed description of the opening of the film. Explain what media / film devices Steven Spielberg uses and what affect they have upon the audience. At the beginning of the film there is a dolphin like sound then the ‘Jaws’ theme music, it is a scary type of music, it could make tension in a different scene, but not at the beginning because nothing is happening. Stephen Spielberg put the view in the sharks perspective, it is an underwater view of the great fish swimming along. He bit after that changes to a nice, calm scene of a beach party, there is a lot of people there so that shows safety, everyone is safe there. It shows everyone having a good time and it has lively, fun music on too, the camera then turns to look at a man, then the lady, then the man. The man goes over to the lady and they start talking, the lady gets up and goes over to the sea to have a swim, the man follows, this raises a bit of tension because the lady is going into the sea which is unwelcoming, dark and sinister. The camera pans out to a big picture of the sea that looks very evil. The man on the beach falls to sleep because he was drunk but the lady is still in the sea. She swims deeper and then you see a big picture of the sea and the lady swimming and she puts her leg in the air and then goes underwater, I think Stephen Spielberg did this to represent the dorsal fin of a shark, the tension is still rising at this point as you can feel her getting closer to danger. The view suddenly turns to the fish’s perspective again and the same scary, weird music is put on, it shows the fish looking up at the swimming lady from below, after a few more seconds it goes back to the view of the lady and she takes a deep breath very quickly, she gasps a few times then starts screaming, the music is even loader now and the fish pulls her across, she grabs onto a buoy and it rings loader than it had been, she gets dragged along the water a few more times then she dies. The drunken man had fallen asleep on the beach, knowing nothing about what had just gone on, a very vulnerable man. The camera shot goes back to the man, asleep on the beach with the sun just coming up beside him and the tips of the waves surrounding him. Similarities about the novel and film At the start of the film the first simile is that it is obvious that the girls name is Christie and it is in the film too. He man falls asleep in both of them although they both seem very different when you are reading and watching them. As, as before the man doesn’t have a name in the novel or film, at the beginning and near when Christie gets killed it is in the sharks perspective. As in the book, the shark is described a great fish, this rises the tension a bit as well. At the end of the opening sequences returns a sense of calm, both novel and film have symbolic uses of dark and light. Again, both the novel and film are alternate between the shark and the woman – the camera shots in the film and the paragraphs in the novel get shorter and speed up. The perspective and style of the attack is similar because the woman is pulled and dragged in the water. Differences between the novel ‘Jaws’ and the film As you would find out if you read the novel you will see that the graphic of the attack at the beginning is outstanding, it is scary and maybe terrifying. In the film there is not as much graphic and it is not as scary because of that. When the attack is taking place in the film the buoy is an important feature because it symbolises that no-one can hear her and that she is in great danger. In the film there is a larger group at the beach party, this symbolises safety in numbers and in the novel there is only two people at the beach. Because there is a lot of people in the film it adds to the honour and there is a lot of potential resources. This also lets the audience identify themselves with the scene. The novel seems and most properly is colder and more scientific than the film because the film can’t make use of the writing that the novel has. In the film the music adds to the mounting of tension and suspense but in the novel you have to use your imagination. In the film the music tone is threatening and sinister. In the novel, the house and lights in it represent hope and security but in the film it is the fire and the beach party. How to cite Compare the opening of the novel ‘Jaws’ with the opening of the film, Papers

Oedipus Psychological and Political- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theOedipusfor Psychological and Political. Answer: Introduction Oedipus the King reveals as a psychological, political and a mystery story. From the beginning to the end of this great mythic story of patricide andcriminal congress,playwrightgives special importance to the person who was determined to expose, trade down and penalise an assassin. In the opening of the play, the Thebess voters humbly ask their king to raise the plague which was frightening them to destroy town. But the king had already sent Creon to Oracle in order to find out what is actually needed to be done. On hiscome back,mythical beingannounced that he has received the instruction from the oracle to search out Lauiss felon, the king of Thebes before Oedipus.The inventionandpenalizationof thefelon canfinishthe plague. At once,mythical beingsetson the point ofsolving the murder. As per the order of the king, Tiresias (the blind prophet)initiallyrefusesto talk,howeverfinally claim that he himself killed Lauis.Mythical beingangrily rejected the prophet and order him to leave. mocks and rejects the prophet angrily, ordering himto go away,however not aheadmythical being suggestsin darknessofincestuousweddingand away forward for ill fame, and itinerant. Oedipustriesin realisingrecommendationfromJocasta (the queen). she tells the king to ignore the him prophecies and explains him that once a prophet told her that her husband will die at their sons hands. She also told the king that the prophet was wrong as the baby died whereas his husband was killed by a bunch of crossroads. Oedipus gets disturbed by the remarks of the queen as while he was coming to the Thebes, he killed a person who was having a similar appearance as that of Laius. In order to find the reality, the king asks for the sole living viewer (a shepherd) for the murder. There was another worry that was haunting the king. He once got to know from an oracle that he was doomed for killing his father so as to get married to his mother. This fear bring him ultimately to the Thebes. Here, the queen again advised him to not to care regarding prophecies. In some time, the king gets to know that his father (Polybus) died because of old age. So in light of this, the queen again advises the king to stop caring about the prophecies. But the king was still worrying about the prophecy of marriage to his mother (Merope). Listening in, themessenger told the king that he get to know that Polybus and Merope were not the real parents of the king. In reality, a messenger gave the king to a royal couple when he was offered a deserted baby from Laiuss house. Now after hearing this, the king was very determined to meet the shepherd and also wasnts to know the truth behind his birth. But the queen requested him to stop all this and runs towards the palace with grief. King was pretty confident that the worst news for him will be his birth in lower class family. He was very eagerly waiting for the shepherd. Initially, the shepherd was not uttering anything but when he was scared to be killed, he tells the whole truth to the king. He told that the king was actually Laius and Jocastas son. Hence, despite of all the precautions followed by the king, he killed his own father and married his mother. All the sayings of the prophecies comes to be true. Oedipus then rushed into the palace and finds that the queen has committed suicide. He got very tortured and takes out the pins from the gown of the queen and hit the pins into his eyes so that he can no longer be able to see the misery that has caused by him. He then requests the Creon to kill him. But as the conclusion of the play, the king humbly awaits for the oracle so that the oracle will determine whether the king will stay in the Thebes or not. Historical Background The Athens was a tiny place. Its full name was Athens Sophocles. It was one of the independent states of the Greek cape. It held its position in all the democracy lives and the philosophy. Plato and Aristotle we taught in the Athens. They were the ones who gave birth to the western philosophy. In the fifth century, Athens was considered as the richest city of the Greek cape. The Athens army and navy altogether defeated the Aegean and the Persians and were awarded as the tribute money. Athens usually show some public arts, entertainments and celebrate the most notably festivals. By the middle of the fifth century, Athens was reached at the top of the chart but still most of the Athenians were unsafe as most of their land was dry and unfertile. They were having very less amount of food so they started fought with the neighbouring cities for the farmland and the food. Athens army and navy help the people in defeating all the cities. They arrange to solve their problems by conquering various cities and sought all the fertile land. But the rival city Sparta came to dominate the Athens in 431B.C. Athens gets defeated by the Sparta and lose all its power and royalty. The Oedipus Myth Just like various dramatists of the time of Sophocles, he also wrote a play as the theatrical representations of the myths of great Greek Culture. Greek culture is held in most of the national historic myths. Sophocles and his subordinates celebrate all the myths of the greek history into their plays of Trojan wars. The traditional story ofOedipus the kingthatconjointlyseemsconciselyin Homer shows the story of a persons great attempt to change the fate. This tragedy is based on the very painful and sad story of Oedipus in finding his own real identity. At the oracle, Oedipuss parents were warned by the Prophet that their own son will kill his father and will get married to his mother, the parents gave the child to a shepherd and tell him to leave the child in the dark mountains to let him die. But the pity shepherd took the child to the Corinth and gave him to the childless king and queen. They adopted the child without knowing any of his identity and named him Oedipus. Oedipus was grown up as the prince of the Corinth. But he was always told that Corinth King is not his real father, so he went to a prophet to know about the truth but the prophet tell the prince about the destiny regarding the murder of the father and get marrying with the mother. So as to avoid this destiny the king ran away from the Corinth and reached Thebes. Before entering Thebes, the king stayed near Thebes for sometime. There an old man insults him so Oedipus in anger killed the old man. That old man was Oedipuss father but he did not realize that. After that, The Oedipus met with the monstrous Sphinx, who was terrifying the Thebes from a long time. The Oedipus answered the question asked by the monster correctly and killed him. The people of the Thebes consider Oedipus as a hero and after getting the news of Laius being killed by the crossroads, they accept Oedipus as the king of the Thebes. As the king, Oedipus married Jocasta and they have four children. Despite of all the precautions the painful prophecy fulfilled. Dramatic Irony Since everyone knows that the plays of the Sophocles do not have any surprising factor but he arranged to hold the interest of the people in his plays by providing a dramatic irony as well as by the ways of interpretation of the plays. Dramatic irony refers to what Audience actually knows and think about the story but the story ends up in another end. Like in this play, the audience know that the play is regarding the Oedipus killing is father and marrying his mother. But in the end the play concluded with Oedipus finding the truth regarding his own identity. By watching this great play the audience get to know that the Oedipus was a great hero and take all the precautions so as to get away from the fate, but results in fulfilling the fate. It conveys that the destiny is permanent and cant be changed at any cost. Further this play of the Oedipus rex stands as the best dramatic play regarding the Greek myths as it is the greatest tragedy that has ever been written. Character List Oedipus:- He was the king of Thebes. In very young age, he saved the city Thebes by killing the monster who was terrifying the people of Thebes. He currently acts in the play as finding the man who killed the previous King of the Thebes. Creon:- He is brother in law of the King Oedipus. He is the most trustworthy advisor for the king and he travelled to the oracle so as to find the murdered of the King Laius. Tiresias:- He is a blind prophet who always helps and guides the king. Jocasta:- She is the queen of Thebes. She is the wife of the King Oedipus and widower of the earlier king of Thebes. He has to marry to marry the king in order to save the town Thebes from the monster Sphinx. Atraveller:-He is the person who came from the palace and gave the knews of queen being dead and King being becoming blind to the people of the Thebes. A Shepherd:- He is a herder who lived in the near mountains and was once served in King Laiuss house. AMessenger from Corinth:He is the person who brings the Oedipus to the Corinths King and queen from the Thebess king. Antigone and Ismenn:- They were the young daughters of the King Oedipus. Summary In the opening of the play, the people of the Thebes request the Oedipus to find the murderer of the King Laius. Oedipus shows the mercy to the people and sends his brother in law to the oracle to find what they. As earlier, the monster was killed by the Oedipus so they came very early to him so as to get rid of the problem as soon as possible. Oedipus thinks that the plague of the Thebes can be finished if the killer of the former king will be found. He took various small actions to find the murderer and results in finding his own real identity. Conclusion The initial scene of the tragedy presents the King Oedipus as the King of the Thebes. The audience sitting in the theatre already knows the myth that the King Oedipus will conclude in killing his own father and will marry his mother. But the characters that are present onstage do not have any plan to dramatize this scene. This scene represents the tragedy and also indicates the direction to the audience in which the play will run. But as we know, the plays written by the Sophocles always have a dramatic irony. In the same way this play end up in a completely different reality. The King Oedipus, was born up and groomed in Corinth. He once was told by a prophet that he will kill his father and marry his mother. So as to change this destiny, Oedipus ran from the Corinth and reached Thebes. There he killed the King Laius of the Thebes unknowingly and became the hero of the people of the Thebes by killing the monster Sphinx. He then became the king of the Thebes and as per the request of the people of Thebes, he started finding the person who kills the former king of the Thebes and results in finding his own real identity. References Beer J, Oedipus Tyrannus Brill's Companion to Sophocles 93 Ahrensdorf PJ, Introduction Greek Tragedy and Political Philosophy 1 Ahrensdorf PJ, Greek Tragedy and Political Philosophy Approaching Greek Drama [2008] A Guide to Ancient Greek Drama 230 Aristotelian Texts Used Tragic Pleasures Chronology Of Greek Drama Greek Drama And Dramatists Dreams; Interpretation of dreams Brills New Pauly Furtwangler A and Strong E, Masterpieces Of Greek Sculpture Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture Introduction [2009] How to Read World Literature 1 Oedipus the King Oedipus the King Tragedy and Greek Religion Greek Tragedy 60 V. Oedipus Tyrannus [2011] The Past in Aeschylus and Sophocles Bibliography Brunner, M. "King Oedipus Retried" Rosenberger Krausz, London, 2001 Foster, C. Thomas. "How to Read Literature Like a Professor" HarperCollins, New York, 2003 Oedipus Rex- Annotated text and analysis Oedipus the KingBook Notesfrom Literapedia Oedipus the KingfromProject Gutenberg